JTAC-Aircraft CAS procedures

KEY CONCEPTS:

• What is CAS: Close Air Support refers to the usage of air attack on enemy forces that are in close proximity to friendly forces. It does not mean the aircraft is close, it means the weapons are landing close. CAS has specific procedures that NATO forces use to ensure the safe execution of the attacks and limitation of collateral damage and fratricide. Attacks on enemy forces that are far away from friendlies and do not require close coordination to prevent fratricide use a different set of procedures called Air Interdiction, which is outside the scope of this article.
• What is a JTAC: Joint-Terminal Attack Controller is a term used by NATO forces to refer to a specially-trained individual who is qualified to authorize weapons release from aircraft in close proximity to friendly forces, i.e. CAS. There have been dozens of variations on this concept since WWII, but the general ideas have remained pretty similar. FAC, FAC-A, TACP, JFO, and ANGLICO are all terms used that have been used to describe people doing basically this same thing. Generally, JTAC is a qualification, not a MOS, so almost everyone who is a JTAC has another term they may be using depending on context. Speaking of terms...
• Words: Using certain keywords allows you to transmit more information at once. These words are very important and you should not mix them up under any circumstances, as their whole point is meaning something very specific and distinct from one another.
  • Visual: I see something I know is friendly e.g. "Visual, Alpha."
  • Tally: I see something I know is enemy e.g. "Tally, technical at the intersection."
  • No joy: I do not see the enemy, opposite of tally
  • Contact: I see a target marker, e.g. "Contact, red smoke at the intersection."
  • Cleared hot: You are authorized to release weapons for this attack pass.
  • Cleared to engage: You are authorized to perform attacks as you wish within parameters I've given you.
  • Abort: Stop all attacks immediately.

• A few concepts:
  • JTAC is the only one who says the words "cleared" and "hot." The aircraft should never ask, for example, "Am I cleared hot?" Imagine what happens if another aircraft on the net hears only the last two words - or any number of other possible scenarios. Those words should only exist on the radio when they are being used by the JTAC to clear imminent weapons release on an aircraft. Of course, when you're dealing with a JTAC who may not know what he is doing, a little prompting might be necessary in the world of Arma...
  • In the real world, there are three types of CAS, and the JTAC always tells the aircraft which type an attack will be under:
    • Type 1 CAS requires "cleared hot" for every single attack pass. In Type 1 CAS, the JTAC is both visual and tally, i.e. he sees both the attacking aircraft and the target at the same time and will directly confirm the nose-direction of the aircraft as being on-target before calling "cleared hot" for every single attack pass. Because of this visual confirmation of parameters, Type 1 CAS can be used in the most risky situations (e.g. danger close).
    • Type 2 also requires "cleared hot" for every single attack pass. In Type 2 CAS, the JTAC is visual or tally but not both, and different language is used to signify this and provide extra detail and clarification on exactly where the target is and what the means of attack are. For example, GPS-guided bombs through a weather layer, or a rocket run on a target the JTAC can't actually see.
    • Type 3 CAS does NOT require clearance for every attack pass. In Type 3 CAS, the JTAC provides clearance for multiple attack passes at once, and will use "cleared to engage" instead of "cleared hot" to signify multiple attack passes are permitted without specific clearance.

This is an example sequence of events for the typical modern NATO CAS employment, based on real-world techniques but greatly simplified for Arma.

Aircraft: “Sniper”

JTAC: “Yankee”

JTAC has decided he needs CAS on a particular target. He first establishes communication with the aircraft and cues them to get ready to listen to a longer transmission.

JTAC: Sniper, Yankee, advise when ready-to-copy fire mission.

Aircraft: Yankee, Sniper, go ahead.

JTAC gives full transmission of 1) type of CAS so the aircraft knows what to expect 2) target location 3) target description 4) general location of nearest friendlies 5) type of weapon requested, then asks the aircraft to confirm he understood the target.

JTAC: This will be Type One. Target is on the northwest side of town Reallybad, marked with red smoke. Target is a squad-size group of infantry with a technical moving across a large field. Friendlies are 700 meters to the south of the target. Requesting rockets. Readback target.

Aircraft: Target is marked by red smoke on the northwest side of town Reallybad. Attacking with rockets.

JTAC: Readback is correct.

Aircraft looks for target or marking and calls “tally” if he sees the actual target and “contact” if he sees the marking method. In this case, he likely sees the red smoke well before seeing the actual target, and the use of the word “contact” instead of “tally” tells the JTAC exactly what he's seeing. “Visual” is reserve only for friendlies.

Aircraft: Contact.

Aircraft repositions if necessary and begins attack run. He makes the “in” call which also tells the JTAC he is ready for weapons release and where he is coming from.

Aircraft: In from the south.

JTAC visually confirms aircraft nose-position before clearing hot.

JTAC: Cleared hot.

Aircraft weapons release.

JTAC: [Battle Damage Assessment, adjusting of fire, etc.]